Title, Author, Year of publication, Link
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Area of research (e.g. 3D stuctures, self contained device etc.)
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3 Sentence Summary of how this is useful to Projectagami (link to area of research on the left)
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Estimation of Folding Operation
Using Silhouette of Origami
Yasuhiro Kinoshita, Toyohide Watanabe
2010
http://www.iaeng.org/IJCS/issues_v37/issue_2/IJCS_37_2_08.pdf
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Detecting origami folds
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This paper investigates automated estimation of new folds in origami using ‘before’ and ‘after’ camera images. It uses a silhouette model, which is the outline of the paper from one viewpoint. When the user of the system makes a new fold, the system compares the new silhouette against a range of possible silhouettes that were reachable from the previous silhouette, and uses that to determine the likely location of the fold made and its type. The paper does not investigate the use cases for this detection as part of an input device.
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FoldMe: Interacting with Double-sided Foldable Displays
Mohammadreza Khalilbeigi, Roman Lissermann, Wolfgang Kleine, Jürgen Steimle
2012
https://embodied.mpi-inf.mpg.de/files/2012/11/p33-kahlilbeigi.pdf
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Investigates possibilities afforded by folding displays
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Klalilbeigi explore a very similar space to the one we are, but limited themselves more to exploring low-fidelity horizontal and vertical folds of a display. They come up with a variety of interaction principles that can be applied to designing applications for a foldable display. However, they do not explore the possibilities of non-quadrilateral or multi-dimensional shapes, and do not explore the possibilities of tangible interaction which arise when you can make more complex, high-fidelity, origami-like folds in the display.
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Novel User Interaction Styles with Flexible / Rollable Screens,
Samudrala Nagaraju,
2013,
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2499152
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Self contained device: Flexible, rollable screens
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This paper investigates the possible technologies that could be used to implement flexible screens.The authors look ast sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometers. The product they describe can only be rolled into different configurations whereas the aim of Projectagami is to be able to fold your device, just like origami. Similar to Projectagami, this paper by Samsung Research also looks at how different device configurations can be used as a tangible interface.
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Tessella: interactive origami light,
Billy Cheng, Maxine Kim, Henry Lin, Sarah Fung, Zac Bush, and Jinsil Hwaryoung,
2012,
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2148131.2148200
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Shape shifting interactions
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The paper demonstrates an interactive light made from origami that transforms shape. This paper has interesting parallels to Projectagami as there is a discussion about how the form of the device implies its function. For example, our Book example suggests that you have to open it to see what is inside the book.
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Flexible flat panel displays
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1VRuoq7h2FcC&lpg=PR5&ots=dSWCLrmlKD&dq=bending%20display&lr&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=bending%20display&f=false |
Technology enabling future devices
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Book covering research in technologies that could enable us to build flexible LCD displays.
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MEMS-Controlled Paper-Like Transmissive Flexible Display
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5406063&queryText%3Dflexible+display |
Technology enabling future devices
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A novel microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-controlled paper-like transmissive flexible display device was modeled by a combination of a cantilever with a flat plate and was realized by roll-to-roll printing process for the first time. This model provides predictions as well as improvement suggestions to both mechanical and electrical designs.
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Tri-Foldable AMOLED displays
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2014.tb00087.x/pdf |
Foldable display
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A folding screen type OLED display was developed (Fig. 1) to demonstrate the application of a flexible display. The display surface can be bent with a curvature radius of 4 mm. To protect an OLED against moisture, inorganic passivation layers are provided on the upper and lower sides of the flexible display. Using our transfer technology, dense passivation layers can be obtained. The measured water vapor transmission rate of the layer is 7 u 106 g/m2 day or less, which improves OLED reliability.
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An enhanced user interface design with Auto-Adjusting Icon Placement on foldable devices
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6974178 |
Research in area of HCI and flexible displays
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Flexible electronics appear in the consumer, medical, and military sectors. Thanks to the development of flexible electronics, flexible touchscreens have been widely carried on in various devices, such as mobile phones, wearable devices and hand-held tablets. (..)
On the flexible touchscreens, when the displays are folded, some touch area around the folded line is not touchable in users' operation, and this is a critical research problem for the flexible touch screens. However, to our knowledge, little or no user interface research has solved this problem. To resolve this critical problem, in this study, we design a novel user interface, called the Auto-Adjusting Placement, which can dynamically adjust objects, such as icons, texts and pictures, on the flexible touch screens to avoid the area around the folded line and to keep the high availability/readability of the objects. |
When building our rig, we knew it had to be able to support the weight of the Kinect and projector combined. In addition, the Kinect and the projector had to be aligned to make tracking easier. Initially, we felt that the Kinect and projector had to be perpendicular to the surface. Our initial rig allowed the Kinect and projector to be perpendicular to the surface (no picture available - we forgot to take a picture). However, this initial rig was not secure enough for our needs. Through talking to lab assistants and doing our own research, we found that we can have them at an angle and still be able to do the tracking and projection. With these constraints, we built the rig shown in the image above. As you can see we use a camera Tripod to hold the devices. The Tripod allows us to change the angle of projection and also the height. 
Year + Title + Link
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Summary/ Interesting Findings/ Implications for our project
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[2013] Flexpad: Highly Flexible Bending Interactions
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Projects onto a flexible surface using Kinect (depth camera) and a projector. They are able to detect and analyse deformations in the surface in real-time thereby allowing them to project an adjusted image also in real-time. They present an algorithm that can be used to capture complex deformations in high detail and in real-time. This could be useful for our project.
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[2013] Novel User Interaction Styles with Flexible / Rollable
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Gathers feedback around flexible screens and potential technologies to use for implementation. No actual implementation.
Device uses a rollable display - they do not use a projector.
Has multiple modes and changes UI according to the mode it is in.
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Used Piezoelectric pressure sensors in the form of a matrix to detect pressure and temperature. It is different to previous touch sensing that uses capacitive and resistive surfaces because it is able to ‘easily’ detect pressure.
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This paper develops on earlier research on piezoelectric sensing (above). Using machine learning, they are able to detect the shape of the deformed surface.
Applications described: transparent smart cover for tablets, external high-DoF (Degrees of Freedom) input device
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The initial ideas we went into the workshop with were discussed with the group. Following from my previous blog post, we discussed customised virtual keyboards and smart pens. Between the brainstorming workshop and this week, my team and I carried out a review of the literature that exists at the moment relating to both our ideas. It was exciting to see that there had been lots of research into the areas that we were exploring.
Year + Title + Link + Initial
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Summary/ Interesting Findings/ Implications for our project
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KITTY glove using Bluetooth, that is similar to what we want to do: and removes the need to type on a specific pressure sensitive surface. To detect letters (QWERTY layout) they use specific contact point Presents the use case of virtual/ augmented reality (e.g. typing while wearing Oculus Rift).
Updated version is a little less intrusive, but we could potentially make finger socks instead of gloves which could be less intrusive? Users commented on haptic feedback- perhaps we could use vibrations/sound when a letter is registered? Unpractised users took 2-7 secs per letter, perhaps we could improve on this with sensors or parallelisation: users wanted a tutorial
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[2009] Fast Finger Tracking System for In-air
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Markerless tracking of finger movements from a camera, recognising typing on air. To achieve typing in real time, hardware that parallelizes image processing (throughput 138 fps)
(Ideally we’d want markered tracking so that the system could be used on a users lap)
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A universal input device for both text (Korean) and Braille input was developed in a Glove-typed interface using all the joints of the four fingers and thumbs of both hands. Korean characters showed comparable performance with cellular phone input keypads, but inferior to conventional keyboard. Letters are typed by the touching of certain finger combinations (not QWERTY).
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PointGrab
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This is not really a paper, but I wanted to investigate if someone had already tried to develop a system for home automation using gesture tracking. It turns out that there is a company called PointGrab that has been doing it for a few years. Here is the website: http://www.pointgrab.com/
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Dextype
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Dextype is a product that lets you type in the air. Because typing in air is so inaccurate, dextype helps by trying to figure out the key that you pressed. Also, it includes functions that make it very easy to complete words, draw symbols in air and correct previous typed input. Here is the website: http://www.cnet.com/news/type-in-the-air-with-dextype-for-leap-motion/
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Eye Gaze Tracking for
Human Computer Interaction
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This is a (very large) study on the advantages/disadvantages of using eye tracking as pointing mechanism as someone proposed last Tuesday. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11591/1/Drewes_Heiko.pdf
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Hand Gesture Recognition Using
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This paper investigates the detection of hand gestures using computer vision. Recognition of one-handed sign language is then used to implement a method of typing (see sections five and six).
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[CHI 2003] Typing in Thin Air
The Canesta Projection Keyboard –
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This device was envisioned as a solution for typing with mobile devices, similar to our use cases. A keyboard is projected on to a surface, then the user types on the projected keyboard. Infrared light is projected in a plane slightly above the surface. The intersection of fingers with the infrared plane is used to work out which key the user pressed, and an audible click noise is made. User studies show that users of this keyboard perform worse than they would with a standard mechanical keyboard but better than they do with ‘thumb keyboards’ - however, this is before the revolution in smartphones and the associated improvements in the touchscreen keyboards, so this may no longer be a relevant comparison.
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TiltType: Accelerometer-Supported Text Entry
for Very Small Devices
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TiltType is a novel text entry technique for mobile devices. To enter a character, the user tilts the device and presses one or more buttons. The character chosen depends on the button pressed, the direction of tilt, and the angle of tilt. TiltType consumes minimal power and requires little board space, making it appropriate for wristwatch-sized devices. But because controlled tilting of one's forearm is fatiguing, a wristwatch using this technique must be easily removable from its wriststrap. Applications include two-way paging, text entry for watch computers, web browsing, numeric entry for calculator watches, and existing applications for PDAs.
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WalkType: using accelerometer data to accomodate situational impairments in mobile touch screen text entry
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The lack of tactile feedback on touch screens makes typing difficult, a challenge exacerbated when situational impairments like walking vibration and divided attention arise in mobile settings. We introduce WalkType, an adaptive text entry system that leverages the mobile device's built-in tri-axis accelerometer to compensate for extraneous movement while walking. WalkType's classification model uses the displacement and acceleration of the device, and inference about the user's footsteps. Additionally, WalkType models finger-touch location and finger distance traveled on the screen, features that increase overall accuracy regardless of movement. The final model was built on typing data collected from 16 participants. In a study comparing WalkType to a control condition, WalkType reduced uncorrected errors by 45.2% and increased typing speed by 12.9% for walking participants.
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Year + Title + Link + Initial
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Summary/ Interesting Findings/ Implications for our project
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[2010] Increasing Viscosity and Inertia Using a Robotically Controlled Pen Improves Handwriting in Children, LINK, DB
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The paper aims to determine the effect of mechanical properties of the pen on quality of handwriting in children.
They used the device the child holds to try and improve handwriting.
“We predict that children may have either improved or worsened handwriting using the robot, but writing will not be slower.”
They use the robot to increase the apparent inertia and viscosity of the pen.
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[2009] Poster: Teaching Letter Writing using a Programmable Haptic Device Interface for Children with Handwriting Difficulties, LINK, DB
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The aim was to use a haptic device (robotic arm) to improve the handwriting of children who had difficulty writing. This was done in a virtual environment to so no ink was written to any paper. It was all virtual.
The results showed that handwriting improved by using the haptic device. There was an advantage of 3D force feedback over just 2D force feedback. Further work is needed to show 3D force feedback is superior though.
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This paper again used a virtual environment but with a real haptic device to teach people handwriting - in this case Chinese.
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“The Reactive Robot technology is capable of interpreting the human actions and exerting a more intelligent force feedback strategy.”
The Reactive robots are inspired to emulate the presence of a human tutor which feedbacks forces to the student.
The system not only reproduces the task, but also should be able to identify the action to be performed by the user.
This sounds similar to what we wanted to do but they only did it for a few letters of the Japanese alphabet. It was also still virtual.
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Year + Title + Link + Initial
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Summary/ Interesting Findings/ Implications for our project
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An energy harvesting wearable ring platform for gestureinput on surfaces
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This paper presents a remote gesture input solution for interacting indirectly with user interfaces on mobile and wearable devices. The proposed solution uses a wearable ring platform worn on users index finger. The ring detects and interprets various gestures performed on any available surface, and wirelessly transmits the gestures to the remote device. The ring opportunistically harvests energy from an NFC-enabled phone for perpetual operation without explicit charging. We use a finger-tendon pressure-based solution to detect touch, and a light-weight audio based solution for detecting finger motion on a surface. The two level energy efficient classification algorithms identify 23 unique gestures that include tapping, swipes, scrolling, and strokes for hand written text entry. The classification algorithms have an average accuracy of 73% with no explicit user training. Our implementation supports 10 hours of interactions on a surface at 2 Hz gesture frequency. The prototype was built with off-the-shelf components has a size similar to a large ring.
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finger-worn textile sensor for eyes-free mobile interaction during daily activities. Although existing products like a data glove possess multiple sensing capabilities, they are not designed for environments where body and finger motion are dynamic. Usually an interaction with fingers couples bending and pressing. In Plex, we separate bending and pressing by placing each sensing element in discrete faces of a finger. Our proposed simple and low-cost fabrication process using conductive elastomers and threads transforms an elastic fabric into a finger-worn interaction tool. Plex preserves an inter-finger natural tactile feedback and proprioception. We also explore the interaction design and implement applications allowing users to interact with existing mobile and wearable devices using Plex.
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More than touch: understanding how people use skin as an input surface for mobile computing
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This paper contributes results from an empirical study of on-skin input, an emerging technique for controlling mobile devices.
Look at section “On-Skin Sensors” |
The Sound of Touch: On-body Touch and Gesture Sensing
Based on Transdermal Ultrasound Propagation
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Can detect pressure/distance of touch on skin. Requires two ultrasound transducers - one transmits, one receives. Paper focuses on forearm but notes: “our signal propagation experiments suggest
that the sensing method could be extended to various body
parts”
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